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The most common precipitating cause is infection; others are trauma antibiotic and milk generic azitrox 500mg without prescription, stroke the best antibiotics for acne trusted azitrox 250 mg, pancreatitis, stressful conditions and inadequate doses of insulin. Mast cells and inflammatory cells Theophylline decreases release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and activated inflammatory cells. Methadone has been used primarily as substitution therapy for opioid dependence: 1 mg of oral methadone can be substituted for 4 mg of morphine, 2 mg of heroin and 20 mg of pethidine. Larger doses depress vomiting centre directly: emetics should not be tried in morphine poisoning. The bioavailability of propranolol may be increased by the concomitant ingestion of food and during long-term administration of the drug. In the early 1980s, several young people in California developed rapid-onset Parkinsonism. Scabies It is highly contagious; the mite burrows through the epidermis, laying eggs which form papules that itch intensely. Hypersensitivity reaction consisting of rashes, fever, malaise and muscle pain is the most frequent. By permissive action is meant that while they do not themselves produce an effect, their presence facilitates other hormones to exert that action. Male libido appears to be activated by testosterone directly, and probably to a greater extent by estradiol produced from testosterone. It is a constituent of older combination formulations and is used for mild to moderate chronic asthma. More importantly, it may have the potential to attenuate hypertension related renal fibrosis and ventricular/vascular hypertrophy (see p. Sevoflurane does not cause sympathetic stimulation and airway irritation even during rapid induction. However, it retains antihypertensive action and is used for that purpose only (see p. They consist of either- (a) Biodegradable polymeric matrices-do not need to be removed on expiry. They markedly increase capillary permeability due to separation of endothelial cells exudation and inflammation occurs if they are injected in a tissue. The nascent peptide chain is transferred to the newly attached amino acid by peptide bond formation. The initial dose of acebutolol in hypertension usually is 400 mg/d; it may be given as a single dose, but two divided doses may be required for adequate control of blood pressure. Dose-dependent toxicity starts from the upper part of therapeutic concentration range. Gastric irritation, nausea, anorexia, gastric bleeding and diarrhoea are prominent. This occurs in ischaemic heart disease, valvular incompetence, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, tachyarrhythmias (mostly atrial fibrillation). This has been found to reduce mortality, probably by preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii and other infections. Thioguanine is not a substrate for xanthine oxidase; follows a different (S-methylation) metabolic path and its dose need not be reduced if allopurinol is given. Each cycle kills 99% tumour cells, reducing the tumour cell mass by 2 log units each time. Early and delayed consequences of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor overexpression in mouse hearts: critical role for expression level. Similar structure-based approaches also are used to improve pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, particularly if knowledge of their metabolism is known. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin are responsible for majority of cases of adult hypothyroidism. When instituted, insulin therapy has to be tailored according to the requirement and convenience of each patient. Though, a few reports of dry cough have appeared, losartan is considered to be free of cough and dysgeusia inducing potential.

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The dual mechanism afforded by a partial agonist may thus treat both the positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia zinnat antibiotic cheap azitrox 250mg with mastercard. Other actions Chloroquine is active against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia as well antibiotic dosage for strep throat order 500mg azitrox free shipping. Currently, levodopa is practically always used along with a decarboxylase inhibitor, except in patients who develop marked involuntary movements with the combination. Factors decreasing effect of oral anticoagulants are: Pregnancy: plasma level of clotting factors is higher. Change in the pH of urine can also affect excretion of weakly acidic or weakly basic drugs. C, left panel) and the Eadie-Hofstee transformation of the transport data (v/C vs. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Adrenogenital syndrome) It is a familial disorder due to genetic deficiency of steroidogenic enzymes, mostly 21-hydroxylase. It crosses placenta and reaches milk, but penetration in brain is poor because of its hydrophilic nature. Apart from the nuclear T3 receptor, other sites of thyroid hormone action have been described. Her periods were normal and detailed examination showed no evidence of bleeding from any site. Otherwise, the doses of individual drugs in a synergistic pair should generally not be reduced. This has been possible due to better understanding of the biology of tubercular infection and the differential properties of the antitubercular drugs. Erythromycin estolate (lauryl sulfate): it is relatively acid stable and better absorbed after oral administration. It appears that by their specific effect on myocardial and vascular cell growth/remodeling, they have greater protective potential than other classes of antihypertensive drugs. Control of bladder contraction apparently is mediated by multiple muscarinic receptor subtypes. Numerous modifications in the structure of the ring systems and substituents have yielded compounds with similar activities, including the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil, in which ring C is replaced with a keto function at position 5 and a methyl substituent is added at position 4. Individuals sensitive to iodine may experience acute reaction with chills, fever, angioedema and cutaneous haemorrhages. Amiodarone this unusual iodine containing highly lipophilic long-acting antiarrhythmic drug exerts multiple actions: Pharmacokinetics Amiodarone is incompletely and slowly absorbed from the g. This may be responsible for the diminished responsiveness seen after long-term use of these drugs. Megaloblastic anaemias due to: (a) Nutritional folate deficiency; manifests earlier than vit B12 deficiency. This selectivity, however, is not absolute and is lost at high concentrations of these drugs. Activation of V1 receptors constricts vasa recta to diminish blood flow to inner medulla which reduces washing off effect and helps in maintaining high osmolarity in this region. Adverse effects are nausea, diarrhoea, superinfections and phlebitis of the injected vein. The mainstay of therapy for poisoning is good support of the airway, breathing, circulation, and vital metabolic processes of the poisoned patient until the poison is eliminated from the body. An acute reaction consisting of chills, fever, bodyache and dyspnoea often occurs because of the solvent; i. Raltegravir is an orally active drug that blocks this step by inhibiting the integrase enzyme.

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However infection 8 weeks after surgery buy azitrox with a visa, entacapone acts only in the periphery (probably because of short duration of action ~2 hr) antibiotic spacer cheap azitrox 250mg on line. When changing routes of administration from oral to intramuscular (or vice versa), appropriate dose adjustments and blood level monitoring are recommended. Dietary restrictions and drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: the state of the art. Sulfonamides displace bilirubin from protein binding sites- can cause kernicterus in the neonate because their blood-brain barrier is more permeable. Some important points are outlined below: A hypnotic may be used to shorten sleep latency, to reduce nocturnal awakenings, or to provide anxiolytic effect the next day when insomnia is accompanied with marked element of anxiety. F-Transcription factors abundantly contributes to pathological changes and end-organ damage in many conditions like hypertensive vascular/ventricular hypertrophy, post-infarction myocardial fibrosis and remodeling, congestive heart failure, nephropathy, retinopathy, etc. This family includes proapoptotic members such as Bax, Bak, and Bad, which induce damage at the mitochondrial membrane. The precursor cells in bone marrow are also quite sensitive to ganciclovir, and this may account for its bone marrow toxicity. Postural hypotension It occurs in about 1/3 of patients, but is mostly asymptomatic; some patients experience dizziness, few have fainting attacks. However, few deaths due to overdose of citalopram are on record, because of which it is to be avoided in patients likely to attempt suicide. However, cranial vessels are constricted, especially by caffeine; this is one of the basis of its use in migraine. Therapeutic benefit is nearly complete in early disease, but declines as the disease advances. Systemic Therapy Systemic use of drugs in acne is indicated only in severe cases with cysts and pustules which are likely to form scars. Given to pregnant or nursing mothers, it may be responsible for foetal/infantile goiter and hypothyroidism. Polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 is a major determinant of repaglinide pharmacokinetics. With the availability of effective, well tolerated and safe hypolipidaemic drugs, it has become a standard practice to prescribe statin therapy after an acute coronary event irrespective of lipid levels. Osteoclast pit formation is inhibited and there is increased expression of bone matrix proteins such as osteonectin, osteocalcin, collagen and alkaline phosphatase. When adherence with oral capsules or tablets is an issue, the liquid Li+ citrate can be used. Because of low affinity for cytochrome P450 and the low dose, drug metabolism modifying propensity is minimal. The 3 receptor displays much lower affinities for classic antagonists (such as propranolol or atenolol) than do 1 and 2 receptors. It is a poor disinfectant for instruments-does not kill spores and promotes rusting. After one week, his son reported that while his mental and functional state is unchanged, he has developed pain in abdomen, muscle ache, loud eructations, loose motion and is refusing to take the medicine. Prophylaxis of influenza A 2 during an epidemic or seasonal influenza, especially in high risk patients. More important are the intra-islet paracrine interactions between the hormones produced by different types of islet cells. Vancomycin (V) binds tightly to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence and prevents its release from the carrier, so that further transpeptidation cannot take place. Cells express a family of receptors for cytokines such as -interferon and hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin, which signal to the nucleus by a more direct manner than the receptor tyrosine kinases. Along with erythropoietin: oral ion may not be absorbed at sufficient rate to meet the demands of induced rapid erythropoiesis. All three are conjugated with glucuronic acid and sulfate- excreted in urine and bile.

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However yeast infection buy azitrox 100 mg low cost, it does not appear to be obligatory for initiating parturition-delivery occurs even in hypophysectomized animals and humans bacteria 1 in urinalysis azitrox 250 mg generic, though labour may be prolonged in its absence. The time of death after a single acute exposure may range from less than 5 min to nearly 24 h, depending on the dose, route, and agent. Abortion During the first trimester, termination of pregnancy by transcervical suction is the procedure of choice. Intravaginal route is preferred now: side effects care milder; extra/intra amniotic route is infrequently used. Expectorants (Mucokinetics) (a) Bronchial secretion enhancers: Sodium or Potassium citrate, Potassium iodide, Guaiphenesin (Glyceryl guaiacolate), balsum of Tolu, Vasaka, Ammonium chloride. A is stored in liver, deficiency symptoms appear only after long-term deprivation, but vit A deficiency is quite prevalent, especially among infants and children in developing countries. Vincristine (oncovin) It is a rapidly acting drug, very useful for inducing remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but is not good for maintenance therapy. Particularly high concentrations are attained inside macrophages and fibroblasts; volume of distribution is ~30 L/kg. Significant bioavailability differences among different market preparations have been shown. In the last two decades, several anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics have been extensively evaluated as alternatives to lithium. Psychotomimetic effects are not prominent (it is a weaker agonist at higher doses). In India, the root and leaves of jimson weed were burned and the smoke inhaled to treat asthma. How this property may contribute to the unique effects of aripiprazole is not yet clear. In this way, the implicated drug can be identified and antitubercular therapy completed with minimal use of parenteral/2nd line drugs. Vit D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism which contributes to osteoporosis. Duloxetine is also indicated in panic attacks, diabetic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia and stress urinary incontinence in women (because it increases urethral tone). Any medication that she is taking and the reason for it should be taken into account to Contd. He has tried relaxing, getting up and walking around or reading, but nothing helps. Fomepizole used in the same manner as for methanol poisoning is the drug of choice. In others, a variety of trigger factors (infection, irritants, pollution, exercise, exposure to cold air, psychogenic) may be involved: Extrinsic asthma: It is mostly episodic, less prone to status asthmaticus. Valproate is a good second line drug but should be used cautiously in young children for fear of hepatic toxicity. Testosterone itself appears to be the active hormone at certain sites, such as- foetal genital rudiments hypothalamus/pituitary site involved in feed back regulation erythropoietic cells spermatogenic cells in testes. Though efficacy is low, they may obviate need for inhaled steroids, and may be more acceptable in children. Desmopressin is the preparation of choice for all V2 receptor related indications. Coupling is an oxidative reaction and is catalysed by the same thyroid peroxidase. Recently, two new formulations of levodopa intended to address wearing off have been approved. The single dose is well tolerated; chills, fever and urticaria are occasional side effects. Therefore, small amount of androgen may be contributing to the pubertal growth spurt even in girls, as estrogens do in boys.

Diseases

• Ataxia telangiectasia variant V1
• Deafness, neurosensory nonsyndromic recessive, DFN
• Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation
• Pickardt syndrome
• Forbes disease
• Whitaker syndrome
• Heterotaxia autosomal dominant type
• Deafness congenital onychodystrophy recessive
• Neurofibromatosis type 2
• Humeroradial synostosis

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Partial agonists may be used therapeutically to buffer a response by inhibiting excessive receptor stimulation without totally abolishing receptor stimulation virus new jersey buy azitrox without prescription. Eye When applied locally to the conjunctiva antibiotic resistance lyme disease purchase azitrox 500mg line, anti-ChE agents cause conjunctival hyperemia and constriction of the pupillary sphincter muscle around the pupillary margin of the iris (miosis) and the ciliary muscle (block of accommodation reflex with resultant focusing to near vision). This makes it a particularly good option in elderly patients and in those with heart disease. Formation of glucuronides and their increased polarity can result in their passage into the circulation, from which they are excreted into the urine. A diagnosis of seasonal allergic rhinitis was made and the doctor decided to prescribe antiallergic medication. It is contraindicated in patients with ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, chronic nephritis and psychogenic polydipsia. Passive ion fluxes down cellular electrochemical gradients are regulated by a large family of ion channels located in the membrane. This pathway is responsible for clotting when blood is kept in a glass tube, and for amplification of the common pathway. Calcitonin inhibits proximal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate by direct action on the kidney. A new hypothesis for microvascular inflammation in shock and multiorgan failure: self-digestion by pancreatic enzymes. It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The most important toxic potential is dose related haemolysis, methaemoglobinaemia, tachypnoea and cyanosis. Posaconazole this recently introduced broadspectrum triazole has more potent antifungal activity and is the only azole which has shown efficacy in mucormycosis. In intact animals, bradycardia is mostly seen due to activation of coronary chemoreflex (Bezold Jarisch reflex) through action on vagal afferent nerve endings in the coronary bed, evoking bradycardia, hypotension and apnoea. Side effects are similar to the short- and intermediate-acting sympathomimetic bronchodilators. Interactions (a) Allopurinol inhibits the degradation of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine: their doses should be reduced to 1/3rd, but not that of thioguanine, because it follows a different metabolic path (S-methylation). Gabapentin is considered to be a first line drug for neuralgic pain due to diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Both arterolane and piperaquine are well absorbed orally, and absorption is unaffected by food. Aminophylline injection should not be mixed in the same infusion bottle/syringe with-ascorbic acid, chlorpromazine, promethazine, morphine, pethidine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, insulin, penicillin G, tetracyclines, erythromycin. A metabolite of halothane is probably involved- causes chemical or immunological injury. Pilocarpine is the chief alkaloid obtained from the leaflets of South American shrubs of the genus Pilocarpus. Pethidine is believed to induce less biliary spasm than morphine; traditionally preferred in cholecystitis/biliary colic. Efficacy similar to baclofen or diazepam has been noted in multiple sclerosis, spinal injury and stroke, with fewer side effects. Conversely, if A and B are subadditive (negative synergism), their relative concentrations will lie above the additive response line. Like other drugs of the class, it benefits both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but is rated less effective than clozapine. Cytokines Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins that are secreted by many different cell types to modulate key cellular functions. Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) is a specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase and the drug of choice for methanol poisoning by retarding its metabolism.

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Allergic reactions antimicrobial chemotherapy buy azitrox master card, loss of hair and granulocytopenia have been reported with high doses antibiotic injection buy azitrox australia. Increased risk of venous thromboembolism is due to estrogenic action on clotting mechanism. Lately good antileprotic activity has been detected in some fluoroquinolones, macrolides and minocycline. Individuals taking a sulfonylurea, cefoperazone, or metronidazole have experienced bizarre, somewhat disulfiram-like reactions when they consume alcohol. It is used only topically-inhibits a variety of gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and exfoliative dermatitis are serious reactions reported with the long-acting agents. Symptoms stem primarily from connective tissue defect: increased capillary fragility-swollen and bleeding gums, petechial and subperiosteal haemorrhages, deformed teeth, brittle bones, impaired wound healing, anaemia and growth retardation. When the nerve is stimulated, the contents of a relatively constant number of synaptic vesicles are released by exocytosis. However, it does not predispose to endometrial carcinoma or to venous thromboembolism. Fibrosis and dilatation of infarcted area with hypertrophy of the noninfarcted ventricular wall is seen after myocardial infarction. Permethrin this broad-spectrum and potent pyrethoid insecticide is currently the most efficacious and most convenient drug for both scabies and lice. Experimental models these models for testing antiepileptic drugs have also shed light on the etiopathogenesis of epilepsy. Phenindione Apart from risk of bleeding, it produces more serious organ toxicity; should not be used. The details of these interactions and of the pharmacology of the sympathomimetic amines themselves can be found in subsequent chapters. Alongwith vit A to enhance its absorption and storage, and in hypervitaminosis A to reduce its toxicity. Testes Moderately large doses cause testicular atrophy by inhibiting Gn secretion from pituitary. This hybridoma is then cloned so that the single species antibody is obtained in large quantity. It accumulates in macrophages and gets deposited in many tissues including subcutaneous fat, as needle-shaped crystals. Agonist pharmacology at recombinant 1A- and 1Ladrenoceptors and in lower urinary tract 1-adrenoceptors. Mestranol: acts by getting converted to ethinylestradiol by demethylation in the liver: 0. Mild migraine Cases having fewer than one attack per month of throbbing but tolerable headache lasting upto 8 hours which does not incapacitate the individual may be classified as mild migraine. The 1 adrenergic blocking property has been held responsible for this effect as well as for postural hypotension. Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Primary use is induction of remission in acute myelogenous as well as lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and in adults. In general, it is advisable to avoid mixing of any two or more parenteral drugs before injecting. Patients of obstructive sleep apnoea have poor sleep and feel sleepy during the day. Spontaneous deficiency of biotin has been noted only in subjects consuming only raw egg white and in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Start with a single drug, preferably at low dose- gradually increase dose till full control of seizures or side effects appear. However, it should not be given to postoperative, trauma, cancer and other critically ill patients.

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Entering raw surfaces infection vector buy cheap azitrox 250mg line, it can form granulomas-should not be sprinkled on wound or used for surgical gloves antibiotics for acne depression buy azitrox 250mg with visa. Specific inhibitors for aromatase, such as anastrozole, have been developed for use in the treatment of estrogen-dependent tumors (see Chapters 44 and 66). Pyrazinoic acid also appears to disrupt mycobacterial cell membrane and its transport function. The hyperbolic shape of the curve in panel A becomes sigmoid when plotted semilogarithmically, as in panel B. Novel K+ channel openers like nicorandil, pinacidil and cromakalim have been developed in the 1990s. Cyclosporine enters target cells and binds to cyclophilin, an immunophilin class of protein. However, promiscous and often indiscriminate use has gradually narrowed the field of their usefulness. With aging, the distance between the terminus of the motor neuron and the end plate increases, the end-plate invaginations become flatter, the amount of transmitter per synaptic vesicle decreases, the vesicle release probability is lower, and the density of receptors at the end plate decreases. It is safer than the older formulations and a dose of 100 mg (max 200 mg) can be injected i. A spinal segment, receiving afferent impulses from the surface as well as from deeper organs, modulates them- preferentially conducting the former to the higher centers. The D3 receptors predominate in nucleus accumbans and hypothalamus, but are sparse in caudate and putamen, while D4 and D5 are mostly distributed in neocortex, midbrain, medulla and hippocampus. However, cerebral oxygenation does not suffer, because there is greater decrease in cerebral O2 consumption and cerebral perfusion is maintained. Posterior subcapsular cataract may develop after several years of use, especially in children. Dissolution and absorption of drug may be incomplete; some drug may be destroyed prior to entering the systemic circulation, especially by hepatic first-pass metabolism. Long duration of action makes amiodarone suitable for chronic prophylactic therapy. Probenecid is better avoided, because it may interfere with the diuretic response, particularly of loop diuretics. These peptides are active in very small amounts, their actions are blocked by naloxone, and they bind with high affinity to the opioid receptors. They may cause a transient response in the elderly, under-nourished or debilitated individuals, but controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a difference in the total weight gained. Tyrosine-protein kinase inhibitors Imatinib It is the first selectively targeted drug to be introduced for treatment of a malignancy. Antianabolic effect of tetracycline increases urea production which is retained by the diuretic; Avoid concurrent use. Onset of action is almost immediate and duration is shorter than that after nerve block. Effective doses (for ulcer healing) of nonselective antimuscarinic drugs (atropine, propantheline, oxyphenonium) invariably produce intolerable side effects. Bicarbonate is absorbed also by the secretion of H+ (similar to that in proximal tubule of kidney) and Na+ accompanies it. Given during late pregnancy or childhood, tetracyclines can cause temporary suppression of bone growth.

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Catecholamines are stored in vesicles antibiotics for genital acne purchase generic azitrox canada, thereby ensur- ing their regulated release virus 4 free cheap azitrox online amex, protecting them from metabolism by cellular enzymes, and preventing their leakage out of the neuron. All forms of natural and semisynthetic penicillins can cause allergy, but it is more commonly seen after parenteral than oral administration. The drugs currently used to treat schizophrenia are classified as either typical (also referred to as first-generation) or atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics. Absence and myoclonic or akinetic epilepsy cases have also been successfully treated. Voltage-dependent ion channels within the plasma membrane open when the membrane potential increases to a threshold value, thus regulating the electrical excitability of neurons. Confusion also can arise because different formulations can include either phenytoin or phenytoin sodium. It is claimed to have selective anxiolytic action, but the accompanying sedation is quite marked. Therefore, it does not require hydroxylation at position 1 which is the limiting step in the generation of active form of vit D, and which takes place in the kidney. There is some evidence of physical dependence occurring when high doses are used for long periods-malaise, chills, muscle pain may occur on discontinuation and have been considered withdrawal phenomena. Blunting of K+ conserving action of spironolactone by aspirin, because it inhibits the tubular secretion of canrenone (an active metabolite of spironolactone). It is thus longer acting than levodopa, useful in the management of motor fluctuations and reducing frequency of on-off effect. Adverse effects are abdominal pain, nausea, steatorrhoea, diarrhoea, and gall stones (due to biliary stasis). Strychnine It is an alkaloid from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, and a potent convulsant. Even a single dose treatment has been tried, reporting 90% cure at 5 mg/kg, and 98% cure at 10 mg/kg. That salt restriction has a similar effect, substantiates this mechanism of action. Inactivation has little or no effect on low-frequency firing because firing at a slow rate permits sufficient time for Na+ channels to recover from inactivation. It is particularly effective in controlling ventricular rate at rest, but has less effect during exercise. In pentazocine dependent subjects, naloxone precipitates withdrawal, but at higher doses. The histaminergic system is thought to affect arousal, body temperature, and vascular dynamics. Added to a first line drug, gabapentin reduces seizure frequency in refractory partial seizures with or without generalization. Bupivacaine is more vasodilatory than lidocaine, while prilocaine is the least vasodilatory. A partial agonist similarly can compete with a "full" agonist for binding to the receptor. Dantrolene acts on the RyR1 (Ryanodine Receptor) calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles and prevents Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release through these channels. Decreased permeability into the resistant bacterial cells (chloramphenicol appears to enter bacterial cell both by passive diffusion as well as by facilitated transport) and lowered affinity of bacterial ribosome for chloramphenicol are the other mechanisms of resistance. In India and some other countries it has been promoted for cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly as well as for mental retardation in children for over 30 years. Homatropine methylbromide, the methyl derivative of homatropine, is less potent than atropine in antimuscarinic activity but four times more potent as a ganglionic blocking agent. They are insoluble in water but their sodium salts dissolve yielding highly alkaline solution. It can be used interchangeably with gentamicin for the same purposes in the same doses. It emulsifies the colonic contents and increases penetration of water into the faeces.